Focal Species

NestWatch accepts data on ALL North American breeding birds. However, we have a list of Focal Species which were chosen based on many factors including migratory status, nest type, range and tolerance to disturbance. These species were also selected because you are very likely to encounter them in your backyards and neighborhoods.

Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)

Nesting habitat: Breeds in a wide variety of deciduous, coniferous, and herbaceous vegetation. Nest site:

Nest site: Usually hidden in twigs and branches. Nests typically close to ground at a height of approximately 1.5 meters.

Nest type: An open cup composed of 4 layers. Outer layer built from rough debris, while inner layers are constructed of softer materials such as leaves, bark, and grasses. Built mainly by female.

Eggs:
Clutch size: Typically 2-3. Range of 1-5 eggs.
Color: White with gray, buff, or green tints. May have gray or brown speckles.
Egg size: 22.5-27.2 x 17.0-19.7 mm.

Incubation period: 11-13 days.

Nestling period: Female broods and incubates young, but fed by both parents. Fledge between 7-13 days.

Number of broods per season: 1-3, sometimes 4.

Distribution Map

Species Distribution